Unit 1
Conducting an Experiment:
Does Ice Melt in Boiling Water
Preparation:
Will ice melt boiling water? Before doing the experiment, the following items are needed:
1 test tube
some pieces of ice
a small, thin piece of copper wire
1 candle and a book of matches
Preview of Vocabulary and Sentences
Test tube ---- a plain cylinder of thin glass with one end closed; a test tube is used in chemical experiments
to twist ---- to wind; to coil
spiral ---- coil
match ---- a short, thin piece of wood that is tipped with a mixture that produces fire when scratched
flame ---- the fire produced by a match; the fire at the top of a alcohol lamp
at a slant ---- at an angle; not straight up and down
to melt ---- to change from soiled to liquid from
conductor ---- a substance able to transmit heat or electricity
Text
Experiment and Listening
I. Listen to the task and complete the steps of the experiment:
Let’s begin the experiment.
First, put one or two pieces of ice into the bottom of the test tube.
Twist the copper wire into a ________
Put the wire into the test tube _______ _______ _______ the ice
Fill the test tube with _________
1.
Light the candle with a _______
Hold the test tube over the candle flame
Hold the test tube _______ _______ _______
Only the upper part of the tube is heated
The water over the flame begins to boil
Take hold of the bottom of the tube
The bottom of the test tube is cool enough to handle
The ice at the bottom do not melt
_______ _______ ________ ________ ________ _________ _______
II. Repeat the steps of the experiment and do the experiment
The Comprehension Check
A. Multiple-choice Quiz
_______ 1. the ______________
a. flame b. water c. candle d. copper wire
_______ 2. a. a flame b. a match c. boiling water d. pieces of ice
_______3. Because ___________ is a poor conductor of heat.
a. air b. copper c. glass d. water
_______ 4. So that _________________.
a. The copper wire gets heated
b. All the water in the tube boils.
c. The upper part of the tube is heated
d. The ice remains at the bottom of the tube
2.
B. True-false Quiz
_______ 1. Fill the test tube with water, and then add one or two pieces of ice.
_______ 2. Use a match to light the candle.
_______ 3. Light the candle after you fill the test tube with water.
_______ 4. Take hold of the bottom of test tube before the water begins to boil.
_______ 5. The water at the bottom of the tube boils, but the water at the top stays cool.
3.
Unit 2
Napoleon
Preparation
Do you know the story about Napoleon Bonaparte, the French conqueror. Some of people think he was a great man --- a hero. Other people think he was a villain --- a very bad person.
Preview of Vocabulary and Sentences
emperor ---- the ruler of an empire
military school ---- a school that trains young people to be soldiers or officers
to excel ---- to do better than others
career ---- an occupation followed as one’s lifework
fame ---- great honor
victories ---- conquests; successes
to control ---- to have power over
to lose ---- to fail to keep; to be unable to save
to be deserted ---- to be left by people who do not plan to return; to be abandoned
Text
Napoleon was a French soldier who became emperor of France. He was born in 1769 on the island of Corsica. When he was only ten years old, his father sent him to military school in France. Napoleon was not a very good student in most of his classes, but he excelled in mathematics and in military science. When he was sixteen years old, he joined the French army. In that year he began the military career that bought him fame, power, riches, and , finally, defeat. Napoleon became a general in the French army at the young age of twenty-four. Several years later he became emperor of the French Empire.
Napoleon was many things. He was, first of all, a brilliant military leader. His soldiers were ready to die for him. As a result, Napoleon won many, many military victories. At one time he controlled most of Europe, but many countries, including England, Russia, and Austria fought fiercely against Napoleon. His defeat ----- his end ---- came when he decided to attack Russia. In this military campaign into Russia, he lost most of his army.
The great French Conqueror died alone --- deserted by is family and his friends --- in 1821. He died in 1821, alone and deserted. Napoleon was only fifty-one years old when he died.
4.
The Comprehension Check
I. Multiple-choice Quiz
________ 1. a. in 1769 b. in 1821 c. in France d. on Corsica
________ 2. a. He became a general. b. He joined the French army.
c. He started military school. d. All of the above.
________ 3. a. outstanding b. excellent c. good d. poor
________ 4. a. power b. wealth c. defeat d. All of the above
________ 5. as _________________
a. fierce b. loyal c. foolish d. brilliant
________ 6. a. Austria b. England c. Russia d. All of the above
________ 7. a. When he was fifty-one years old
b. Just before he defeated England.
c. After his military campaign into Russia
d. Several years after he became a general.
________ 8. in ________________
a. 1801 b. 1820 c. 1830 d. None of the above
II. True-false Quiz
_________ 1. Napoleon was born in 1869.
_________ 2. Napoleon was good in math when he was young.
_________ 3. His military career brought Napoleon a lot of money and a great deal of power.
_________ 4. Napoleon was made a general before he was thirty years old.
_________ 5. One reason that Napoleon won many military victories was that his soldiers were ready to fight to the death for him.
_________ 6. Austria and Russia fought fiercely against Napoleon, but England did not.
5.
_________ 7. Napoleon lost most his soldiers when he attacked England.
_________ 8. Many of Napoleon’s family and friends were with him when he died.
_________ 9. Napoleon died before he reached the age of fifty-two.
_________ 10. Napoleon was born and died in the 18th century.
III. Listen and complete the map
6.
IV. Answer the questions
1. Find the Kingdoms of Norway and Denmark on the map. What kingdom is east of Norway and Denmark?
2. Which kingdom was located south of the kingdom of Italy in Napoleon’s day?
3. There was a small kingdom west of the kingdom of Spain. What was the name of this small kingdom?
4. In Napoleon’s time, south of the Russian Empire lay the Ottoman Empire. Find the Ottoman Empire on the map. What was the capital city of this empire?
5. Find Finland on the map. Was Finland east or west of the kingdom of Sweden? Write the word “east” or the word “west” in the correct space.
6. The capital city of England was London. Was London north or south of the capital city of the French Empire?
7.
Unit 3
The American Civil War
Preparation
The American Civil War resulted from basic social and economic differences between the northern and southern parts of the United States. The two main issues dividing the North and the South of the country were (1) slavery, and (2) the preservation of the United States as one country.
Preview of vocabulary and sentences
friction ---- a continuous disagreement over ideas or opinions
foundation ---- a base or support which holds something up
plantation ---- a large southern estate or farm on which crops such as cotton and tobacco were grown, formerly by black slaves
attitude ---- a way of thinking, acting, or feeling; a point of view
conflict ---- a long fight or struggle; a war
domination ---- control; supremacy
the Union ---- the United States as it existed between 1776 and 1861; the northern side in the Civil War
The Confederate States of America
---- the group of 11 southern states that seceded from the United States in 1860 – 1861
to secede ---- to withdraw from a political alliance or organization
to preserve ---- to keep together; to maintain
Text
The American Civil War was fought over 100 years age. It began in 1861 and lasted until 1865. The Americans. What caused this terrible civil war between the North and the South.
Historians believe that there were many causes of the war. One of the important causes of the war was the friction between the North and the South over the issue of slavery. The southern way of life and the southern economy were based on the use of slave labor. For almost 250 years before the Civil War, the economy of the South depended on the use of black slaves. The slaves were used to plant and pick cotton and tobacco. Cotton and tobacco were the main crops grown in the south. Most Southerners did not think it was wrong to own, buy, or sell black slaves like farm
8.
animals. Slavery was , in fact, the foundation of the entire economy and way of life in the south. This was not the situation in the North. The northern economy did not depend on the use of slave labor. Why not?
In the south, there were many large cotton plantations that used hundreds of black slaves. In the North, however, there were smaller farms. The northern farmers planted many different kinds of crops, not just cotton or tobacco. The Northerners did not need slaves since their farms were smaller than most of the southern plantations. In fact, many Northerners were so opposed to slavery that they wanted to end slavery completely. The northern attitude against slavery made the Southerners angry. So, for many years before the war there was constant friction between the North and the South over this issue. This friction eventually led to war.
There was other friction, too, as I said before, between the North and the South. There were, in other words, other causes of conflict between the North and the South. One involved the growth of industry in the North. While the South remained an agricultural area, the North became more and more industrialized. As industry increased in the North, it brought more people and greater wealth to the northern states. As a result, many Southerners began to fear northern political and economic domination. Because of this fear, many Southerners believed that the South should leave the Union and that they should form their own country.
In 1860, the Southerners decided it was time to leave the Union when Abraham Lincoln became President of the United States. Lincoln, as you may know, was against slavery. The people of the South were afraid that their way of life and their economic system were in danger with Lincoln in the Presidency. Consequently, the southern states decided to secede from the Union. In other words, they wanted to break away from the North and form a Separate country. In 1861, South Carolina seceded, and by June of 1861 eleven southern states had seceded and established a new country. They called the new country the Confederate States of America. The war between the North and South began when the southern states seceded from the Union.
The main reason that the North went to war against the South was to bring the southern states back into the Union. In other words, the North went to war to keep the United States one country.
After 4 years of terrible fighting, the North won the war against the South, and the United States remained one country. The North won the war mainly because of its economic and industrial strength and power.
The Civil War had two important results for the United States: (1) the Civil War preserved the United States as one country; and (2) it ended slavery in the United States.
Many American wonder what the United States would be like today if the South had won the Civil War. The history of the United States would have been very different if the South had won the War between the States.
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The Comprehension Check
I. Multiple- choice Quiz
______ 1. a. over 100 years b. for 4years c. in 1865 d. in 1861
______ 2. The issue of ________________
a. religion b. slavery c. history d. crime
______ 3. The South’s economy was ______________
a. based on cotton and tobacco b. depend on slave labor
c. both a and b d. neither a and
______ 4. The North had ____________
a. smaller farms b. grew a variety of crops
c. did not use slave labor d. all of the above
______ 5. The growth of industry in the North ______________.
a. increased the use of slave labor
b. b. resulted in increased population and money
c. c. increased southern domination of the North
d. d. increased the production of cotton and tobacco
______ 6. a. The North abolished slavery.
b. Abraham Lincoln was elected President.
c. The slaves tried to secede and form their own country.
d. The South did not want to become industrialized like the North.
______ 7. a. The South States of America b. The slave States of America
c. The Cotton States of America d. The Confederate States of America
______ 8. The North went to war in order to ____________
a. abolish slavery
b. b. keep the United States one country
c. get control of the cotton plantations
d. d. force the South to became industrialized
______ 9. a. The slaves helped the North
b. The Southerners did not fight very hard.
c. The South depended on slaves to fight for them
d. The North had greater industrial power and wealth
10.
______ 10. a. It industrialized the South very quickly.
b. The South realized that slavery was evil.
c. It abolished slavery in the United States.
d. None of the above.
II. True- false Quiz
_______ 1. The American Civil War started in 1861.
_______ 2. The American Civil War ended over 100 years ago.
_______ 3. There were any large cotton plantations in the North before the war.
_______ 4. The use of slaves in the South began around the time of the American Civil War.
_______ 5. Most southerners felt that it was all right to own, buy, and sell slaves.
_______ 6. Most slaves were unhappy and wanted President Lincoln to free them.
_______ 7. Most Northerners wanted to use slaves to work on their small farms.
_______ 8. The only reason for the American Civil War was the issue of slavery.
_______ 9. The North had better soldiers and generals than the South did.
_______ 10. The American Civil War was over in few month.
III. Supplementary Reading
Kennedy and Lincoln lived in different times.
They had different family and educational backgrounds.
Kennedy lived in the 20th century.
Lincoln lived in the 19th century.
Kennedy was born in 1917.
Lincoln was born in 1809.
Kennedy came form a wealth family. He went to expensive private schools. He graduated from Harvard University.
Lincoln had only one year of formal schooling. He taught himself law and became a lawyer. He was a self-educated man.
There are many coincidences in the lives of two men.
Lincoln began his political career as a Congressman.
Kennedy began his political career as a Congressman.
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Lincoln was elected to the Congress 1847.
Kennedy was elected to the Congress in 1947.
Lincoln was elected President in 1860.
Kennedy was elected President in 1960.
Lincoln and Kennedy were presidents during years of civil unrest. Lincoln was President during the Civil War. During Kennedy’s term there were civil rights demonstrations.
Neither lived to complete his presidency.
Lincoln was assassinated in 1865.
Kennedy was assassinated in 1963 in Dallas, Texas.
12.
Unit 4
Blood Types: O, A, B, AB
Preparation
Did you know that not everybody has the same kinds of blood ? Doctors didn’t know that people had different kinds of blood until fairly recently.
Preview of vocabulary and sentences
to belong to ---- to be part of
transfusion ---- transferring blood from one person into a vein of another person
patient ---- a person under the car of a doctor or a nurse
sample ---- a small, representative amount which is taken from a large amount
Text
It was during World War I that scientists discovered that there were different kinds of blood. They discovered that there were four types of blood. There are only four types of blood for all people in the world. In other words, all people are classed as belonging to one of the four blood groups. In the United States these blood groups are called Type O, Type B, and Type AB. About one half of all the people in the world belong to the Type O blood group. Almost everyone else belongs to the Type A group. Blood groups B and AB are quite small. In other word, most people in the world have Type O or Type A Blood.
Today, Before a blood transfusion is given, a sample of blood is taken from the patient. This blood sample is sent to the laboratory for a test. This test will tell the doctor whether the patient has O, A, B, or AB blood.
The Comprehension Check
I. Multiple- choice Quiz
1. ___________ World War I.
a. before b. during c. after d. none of the above
2. Group ______________.
a. O b. A c. B d. AB
3. Group _____________.
a. O b. A c. B d. AB
13.
4. In order to ____________.
a. be tested at the laboratory
b. b. see what type blood the patient has
c. help the doctor safely transfuse the patient
d. d. all of the above
II. True- false Quiz
______ 1. during the First World War scientists discovered that there were different kinds of blood.
______ 2. All people in the world belong to one of the four blood groups.
______ 3. Most people in the world have Type B blood.
______ 4. After a blood transfusion is given, a sample of blood is taken from the patient.
______ 5. The laboratory test tells the patient that the doctor has Type O, A, B, AB blood.
14.
Unit 5
Volcano
Preparation
Before we learn about volcanoes, we must know the following words first.
crack n. very thin mark or opening caused by breaking
erupt v. (eruption n.) to explode and pour out fire
cone n. a sharp with a round base and a point at the top
crater n. the round mouth of a volcano
lava n. a very hot liquid state flowing from a volcano
cinder and ash n. very small piece of burn wood
magma n. hot melted rock blow the surface of the earth
Preview of vocabulary and sentences
Bay of Naples
79 A.D ---- 79 tears after the birth of Christ
sight ---- a scene; a view
ash ---- residue left when material is consumed by fire; very small particles of mineral matter that a volcano sends out
to flee ---- to run to escape from danger
to be buried alive ---- to be covered by ash or dirt completely while still living and then to die
to dig ---- to turn up the ground or soil with a shovel
archaeologists ---- scientists who study the remains of ancient civilizations
ruins ---- the remains of destroyed buildings or cities
Text
Today many people who live in large metropolitan areas such as Paris and New York leave the city in the summer. They go to the mountains or to the seashore to escape the city noise and heat. Over 2,000 years ago, many rich Romans did the same thing. They left the city of Rome in the summer. Many of these wealthy Romans spent their summers in the city of Pompeii. Pompeii was a beautiful city; it was located on the ocean, on the Bay of Naples.
In the year 79 A.D., a young Roman boy who later became a very famous Roman historian was visiting his uncle in Pompeii. The boy’s name was Pliny the Younger. One day Pliny was looking up at the sky. He saw a frightening sight. It was a very large dark cloud. This black cloud rose high into sky. Rock and ash flew through the air. What Pliny saw was the eruption – the explosion – of the volcano, Vesuvius. The city of Pompeii was at the foot of Mt. Vesuvius.
15.
When the volcano first erupted, many people were able to flee the city and to escape death. In fact, 18.000 people escaped the terrible disaster. Unfortunately, there was not enough time for everyone to escape. More than 2,000 people died. These unlucky people were buried alive under the volcanic ash. The eruption lasted for about 3 days. When the eruption was over, Pompeii was buried under 20 feet of volcanic rock and ash. The city of Pompeii was buried and forgotten for 1,700 years.
In the year 1748 an Italian farmer was digging on his farm. As he was digging, he uncovered a part of a wall of the ancient city of Pompeii. Soon archaeologists began to excavate – to dig – in the area. As time went by, much of the ancient city of Pompeii was uncovered. Today tourists come from all over the world to see the ruins of the famous city of Pompeii.
The Comprehension Check
I. Short – answer Quiz
1. In what time of the year did wealthy Romans like to visit Pompeii?
2. Where was the city of Pompeii located?
3. In what year did Pliny pay a visit to his uncle’s house in Pompeii?
4. What did Pliny see when he was looking out over the Bay of Naples one day?
5. Where was Pompeii located in relation to Mt. Vesuvius?
6. How many people lived through the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius?
7. How much volcanic rock and ash buried Pompeii?
8. When did an Italian farmer discover a part of an ancient wall of Pompeii?
9. Today who comes from all over the world to see the ruins of the city of Pompeii?
16.
II. True – false Quiz
_____ 1. Pliny was from Pompeii.
_____ 2. Pliny was visiting his father’s or mother’s brother’s house in Pompeii.
_____ 3. Mt. Vesuvius erupted in about the year 79 A. D.
_____ 4. Roman was located at the foot of Mt. Vesuvius.
_____ 5. Most of the people of Pompeii were able to flee the city and to escape death.
_____ 6. Pompeii was buried under 2 feet of volcanic ash.
_____ 7. Pompeii lay buried and forgotten between 79 A. D. and 1748.
_____ 8. An Italian farmer discovered a part of a wall of the ancient city of Pompeii over 200 years ago.
_____ 9. The Italian farmer was looking for the ancient city of Pompeii.
_____ 10. Tourists come to excavate the city of Pompeii.
III. Complete the following sketch with the correct words
crack eruption cone crater lava
cinder and ash magma
17
Food for Thought
1. What’s the Negative points and Side – effect of volcanoes?
2. How many types of volcanoes?
18.
Unit 6
Loss of Heat
Preparation
You could say that “heat is something, while cold is nothing.” And you would be about right. Cold is merely the absence of heat. The only way you can make anything cold is by taking heat from it. Before doing the experiment, the following items are needed:
1 small bottle
a large container
a bottle of ink
Preview of vocabulary and sentences
evaporate ---- to change into steam and disappear
radiation ---- the radiating of heat
convection ---- the movement in liquid caused by warm liquid rising and cold liquid sinking
conduction ---- the passage of water through pipes, etc.
Text
You can feel heat transfer by wetting your hands and holding them in the air. The water evaporates, changing to water vapor. The heat required for this to occur comes from your hands, and so your hands feel cool. Water is always evaporating from your hands even when they feels hot and clammy because evaporation cannot occur. Your body produces more heat than is needed to maintain normal temperature. A large part of the excess heat is lost by evaporation through pores in the skin. When you cannot get rid of that heat, you feel uncomfortable.
Evaporation can be speeded by removing your clothes. You would be comfortable down to about 75º., but would get shivery as soon as the temperature dropped any lower. And evaporation can be speeded by moving the air that surrounds you. A fan makes you feel cooler; so does a natural breeze. Evaporation causes cooling, and the faster it occurs, the greater the cooling.
When you have a fever, meaning your body temperature is higher than 98.6º, you sometimes need to have an alcohol bath. Alcohol evaporates very rapidly – much faster than water – and the rapid evaporation often is sufficient to bring down the temperature of a feverish person.
In addition to losing heat by evaporation, your body loses heat in the breathing process. And the air is exhaled, whatever heat it has picked up is carried away.
19.
Evaporation and breathing remove heat from your body. There are three principle ways in which the heat moves away from you, and also moves toward you. The first is by radiation. When air or water is present, heat may be lost by radiation. But it is also lost, or moved from place to place, by convection – by movements of the air or water. In order for convection currents to start, the air around you must become heated. In part, this is done by conduction.
The Comprehension Check
I. Re-arrange the steps of the experiment of Convection
_____ Fill a small bottle with warm water.
_____ You’ll see that the colored warm water will rise, making a clearly defined column.
_____ The column will swing to the side.
_____ Fill cool water in a large container.
_____ Carefully place the open bottle upright at the bottle of a large clear container.
_____ Then the column will fall a bit as it cools.
_____ Color it with a few drops of blue ink.
II. Let’s follow the steps and do this experiment
20.
Unit 7
Earthquake
Preparation
Earthquakes are trembling of the earth’s surface. The real cause of earthquakes is usually a “fault” in the rocks of the earth’s crust – a break along which one rock mass has rubbed on another with very great force and friction.
Preview the vocabulary and sentences
tremble ---- to shake uncontrollably with quake short movements.
vibration ---- slight continuous shaky movement
Text
You can get a pretty good idea of what causes an earthquake from thinking about what happens during an earthquake. During an earthquake, there is an trembling of the ground. It is this trembling of the earth which may cause buildings to fall.
So an earthquake is trembling of the earth’s surface. What makes it happen? Well, the rock of the earth’s crust may have a “fault”, a kind of break in the crust. The earth blocks shift. Sometimes the sides of the fault move up and down against each other. At other times, the sides of the fault shift lengthwise.
But when one rock mass has rubbed on another with great force and friction, we have a lot of energy being used. This vast energy that comes from the rubbing is changed to vibration in the rocks. The vibration is what we feel as an earthquake. And this vibration may travel thousands of miles.
The reason earthquakes take place in certain regions frequently and almost never in other regions, is that the faults in the earth’s crust are located in these regions.
The Comprehension Check
Food for thought
1. If an earthquake is happening, what do you do?
a. Crawl under your bed.
b. Stand in the doorway of your room.
c. Kneel under a window with your back to the wall.
d. Climb into a fireplace with your head up the chimney.
21.
2. Where do you go?
a. home
b. the nearest building
c. a car
d. d. none of the above.
3. Suppose you’re inside a tall building, what do you do?
a. Run outside.
b. Get into the elevator and ride up and down.
c. Do exactly what you’d do if you were in a house.
4.What can happen after an earthquake?
a. fire
b. floods
c. more earthquakes
d. all of the above
5. What do you do after an earthquake?
a. Drink a big glass of water.
b. Have a bath.
c. Sit down and have a good meal.
d. Explore any buildings that have partly fallen down.
e. None of the above.
6. Is there anything you can do to get ready for an earthquake?
a. Learn how to turn off the gas, electricity, and water.
b. Know how to use a fire extinguisher.
c. Keep emergency supplies ready.
d. All of the above.
22.
Unit One
The Titanic and the Andrea Doria: Tragedies at sea
Preparation
People have been traveling by boat or ship for 3,000 years or more. During this time, many people have lost their lives in boating accidents or shipwrecks. Two of the most famous shipwrecks occurred in the 20th century.
Preview of vocabulary and sentences
luxury liner ---- a ship that provides passengers with beautiful, comfortable rooms to sleep in, games to play, and excellent food to eat. It costs a lot of money to travel on such a ship
to shock ---- to surprise greatly; to astonish
tragedy ---- a very sad or terrible event; a mishap; a disaster
heroism ---- great courage and bravery; valor; boldness
villainy ---- corrupt, and cowardly conduct
coward ---- a person who will not face danger bravely; a person who does not demonstrate courage in the face of fear or danger
disaster ---- an even that happens suddenly and that causes great damage or suffering; a catastrophe
iceberg ---- a large mass of ice that has broken away from a glacier and that is floating in the ocean
to collide with ---- to crash into; to smash into
lookout ---- a person on a ship who watches for unexpected danger to the ship, such as an iceberg
to survive ---- to remain alive after a dangerous situation; to live through a life-threatening event
to rescue ---- those who operate and run a ship
The Comprehension Check
I. Multiple – choice Quiz
_______ 1. a. Italy b. England c. New York d. none of above
_______ 2. a. 44 b. 60 c. 1912 d. 1956
_______3. a. They were both luxury liners.
b. They were both crossing the Atlantic when they sank.
c. People believed that both ships were unsinkable.
d. All of the above.
1.
_______ 4. a. The Andrea Doria sank, but the Titanic did not sink.
b. The Andrea Doria carried enough lifeboats for all the people on the ship, but the Titanic did not.
c. The Titanic had radar; however, the Andrea Doria did not have radar.
d.The Andrea Doria carried passengers, the Titanic did not.
_______ 5. An act of ____________
a. bravery b. heroism c. villainy d. all of the above
_______ 6. a. The majority of people on the Titanic were rescued.
b. Everybody on the Andrea Doria was able to get into a lifeboat.
c. The Titanic went down on her first voyage across the Atlantic.
d.The lookout on the Titanic saw the iceberg about an hour before the
accident.
_______ 7. a. More people died on the Andrea Doria.
b. Fewer people died on the Andrea Doria.
c. About the same number of people died on both ships.
d. None of the above.
_______ 8. a. Seven hundred people were rescued from the Titanic.
b. The Titanic and the Andrea Doria were truly unsinkable ships.
c. The Titanic did not have enough lifeboats for all the people aboard.
d. There is still money, silver, and gold in the Titanic and the Andrea Doria at the bottom of the sea.
_______ 9. a. Radar had not been invented in 1912.
b. A lookout was considered to be better than radar.
c. The people who owned the ship were trying to save money.
d. Radar doesn’t work well in parts of the world where there are icebergs.
_______ 10. a. Lifeboats are very expensive.
b. Nobody thought that they would be needed.
c. The Titanic was a small ship, and there wasn’t enough room for them.
d. All of the above.
II. True – false Quiz
1. ______________ 2. _______________ 3. _____________ 4. _____________
5. ______________ 6. _______________7. ______________ 8. _____________
9. ______________ 10. ______________
2.
Additional Reading
Information about Titanic
In 1912, the Titanic hit an iceberg on its first trip across the Atlantic, and sank four hours later. At that time, the Titanic was the largest ship that had ever traveled on the sea. It was carrying 2207 people, but it had taken on enough lifeboats for only 1178 people. When the passengers tried to leave the ship, only 651 of them were able to get into lifeboats.
The Carpathia was 58 miles away when the Titanic called on its radio for help. It arrived two hours after the great ship had gone down, and it saved 705 people. Some of the survivors had been in the icy water for hours when they were saved. Most of the passengers hadn’t lived that long; 1502 people had lost their lives.
Through the whole tragedy, the Californian was only ten miles away. Its officers were close enough to see the Titanic, but they didn’t understand the situation. They never received the Titanic’s call for help, and they didn’t come to the rescue until too late.
Why was there such a great loss of life? Why were there so few survivors? Why didn’t the Californian come to help?
3.
Unit Two
Bonding and Structure in Metals
Iron and Steel
Preparation
Iron metal has the peculiar quality of being magnetic---that is, of being attracted and influenced by a force called magnetism. If you should walk around your home and touch different things with a magnet, you would be surprised at the large number of them that would prove to contain iron. They would range in size from the car in the garage and the refrigerator and stove in the kitchen to the nails in the walls and the needles and pins in your mother’s sewing box. The moment you step outdoor5s and look around, you will be even more amazed. Skyscrapers and bridges, railroads and ship, machinery of all kinds ---- all of these depend on iron (in the form of steel)for their existence.
Preview of Vocabulary
Chemical bond ------ a strong force of attraction holding atoms together in a molecule or crystal
Conductivity ------ property or power of conducting heat electricity, etc
Malleable and ductile----The ability of certain metals to retain their strength when their shape is changer, especially the ability of such metals to be drawn into a thin wire without cracking or breaking.
Molecule ------ One of the fundamental units forming a chemical compound; the smallest part of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.
Atom ------ The smallest part of an element that can exist.
Electron ------ minute particle of matter with a negative electric charge
Ion ------ an atom or group of atoms that has either lost one or more electrons, making it positively charged, or gained one or more electrons making it negatively charged.
Nucleus ------ the central core of an atom that contains most of its mass.
Lattice ------ the regular arrangement of atom, ions, or molecules in a crystalline solid.
Cation ------ a positively charges ion
Ore ------ a naturally occurring mineral from which a metal and certain other elements
can be extracted, usually on a commercial basis.
Slag ------ material produced during the smelting or refining of metals by reaction of the flux with impurities
4.
Limestone ------ a sedimentary rock that is composed largely of carbonate minerals, especially carbonates of calcium and magnesium.
Reducing agent ---- a substance that brings about reduction in other substances.
Oxidizing agent ---- a substance that brings about oxidation in other substances.
Decompose ----- separate a substance into its parts
Silicon ------ symbol Si. A metalloid element belonging to group 14 of the periodic table.
Sulphur(sulfer) ----- symbol S. a yellow nonmetallic element belonging to group 16 of the periodic table.
Phosphorous ----- symbol P. A nonmetallic element belonging to group 15 of the periodic table.
The process of the lesson
Key metallic properties
Good electrical
Malleable and ductile ( can be bent and reshaped without suddenly snapping)
Bonding in metals
Remember the metal atoms are large and attract outer electrons weakly. In a metal, next door atoms overlap because the outer part of the atoms is mostly empty space.
Both nuclei attract the electrons in the overlap area, so there is an attractive force between the atoms called a metallic bond.
Metallic bond: the electrostatic force of attraction that two neighbouring nuclei have for the shared electrons between them.
Structure in metals
In most metals the lattice of particles is arranged in the close-packed pattern.
The lattice is formed of cations made of the nucleus and inner shell electrons. So the charge on the cations is always equal to the number of the group of the periodic table that the element is found in. Between the cations there is a sea of outer electrons. These outer electrons are shared among all the atoms and can move anywhere in the lattice.
Explaining the key properties
Electrical conductivity
Conduction is the movement of charge. In metals the delocalized electrons drift through the metal lattice carrying the charge.
Malleability and ductility
5.
The shape of metals can be charged because the layers of atoms can slide past or over each other. When they do this, some bonds are broken, but an equal number are made.
Manufacture of iron
There is less iron than aluminium in earth’s crust, but it is easier and cheaper to extract.
The main ore is Fe2O3.
The charge contains:
l Iron ore --- source of iron
l Coke --- fuel and reducing agent
l Limestone --- to form a slag by dissolving the high melting point non-metal impurities.
Reaction
1) The coke burns.
2) More coke reduces the carbon dioxide.
3) Carbon monoxide reduces iron ore.
4) Carbon reduces iron ore.
5) Limestone decomposes.
6) Slag forms.
Steel making
“Pig” iron is produced. This contains C, Si, S, P. It is too brittle to be useful. It is turned into steely by:
l Mixing the molten iron with 30% scrap steel
l Blowing oxygen through to burn out impurities
l Adding weighed amounts of alloying elements
Exercise:
Please write out the English name of these substances:
Fe2O3 ,CO2 ,CO, P
Please write out the reactions in manufacture of iron in right order.
6.
Unit Three
The Merchant of Venice
Preview of Vocabulary
(The) Renaissance ----(period of ) revival of literature, painting, etc in Europe in the 14th, 15th and 16th cc, based on ancient Greek learning.
dramatist ------ writer of plays
scenarist ------ writer of scenarios
stockholder ------ (chiefly US) shareholder
album ------ holder for a set of discs; long-playing record with several pieces by the same musician(s), singer(s)
historical ------ belonging or pertaining to history (as contrasted with legend and fiction)
comedy ------ branch of drama that deals with everyday life and humorous events
tragedy ------ play for the theatre, cinema, TV, of a serious or solemn kind, with a sad ending
legend ------ old story handed down from the past, esp. one of doubtful truth
accusation ------ charge of doing wrong, of having broken the law
tenable ------ that can be defended successfully
moisturize ------ make or become moist
multiply ------ quantity which contains another quantity a number of times without remainder
scoundrel ------ wicked person with no principles or scruples; villain; rascal
sanctity ------ holiness; sacredness; saintliness
stab ------ pierce or wound with a sharp-pointed weapon or instrument; push (a knife, etc) into (sb.); aim a blow (at sb.) with such a weapon
property ------ (collectively) things owned; possessions
dumbstruck ------ make speechless, unable to talk because of surprise, fear, etc.
precisely ------ in a precisely manner; exactly
execute ------ carry out (what one is asked or told to do)
7.
The Short Introduction of Shakespeare
William Shakespeare was a great dramatist and poet during the Renaissance. He was born in April 23,1564. His family was in the middle part of England. When he was a child, his family was rich, but afterward, his family’s condition was getting worse and worse. In his life, he used to be a coachman, servant, actor, scenarist, director and stockholder of an opera group. He died in April 23,1616. After his death, seven years later, the first Shakespeare drama album was published. There were 3 periods in his literary creation. In the first period, he mainly wrote historical dramas, comedies, and poems. In the second period, he mainly wrote comedies and tragedies. In the third period, he wrote legends.
Shakespeare Classics
Romeo and Juliet tragedy
Othello tragedy
King Lear tragedy
Hamlet tragedy
Mac Beth tragedy
Much Ado About Nothing comedy
The Merchant of Venice comedy
Twelfth Night comedy
The Merry Wives of Windsor comedy
A Midsummer Night’s Dream comedy
Summary of story
In the city of Venice Italy, there lived a young generous and kind-hearted merchant named Antonio, he always loan money to the poor but never charged them interests. Therefore the common people loved and respected him very much.
One day, Bassanio, Antonio’s most intimate friend, rushed into see him. He had fallen in love with Portia, the daughter of a wealth family in Belmont. However, e needed a large sum of money to make an offer of marriage to her. Although Bassanio was born of noble family, he had wasted all his wealth in riotous living. Now he could not afford payment to Belmont. Therefore he had come to Antonio for help.
Antonio would like to help his friend with the marriage. But all his resources were tied up in the investments. At that very moment ships loaded with his goods were sailing out of the harbor to the open sea. It would be some time before he realizes the return of his investment. After much thought he decided to see Shylock, a well-known usurer in that area.
While Shylock greeted Antonio, he planned a scheme to do harm to Antonio. Finally he hit upon an evil idea. Shylock said he not ask for an interests, but they must had a contract, and it was put one more item in the contract about the punishment if one of them fails to carry out the contract. If Antonio was unable to pay back the money in fall and in time, he would require one pound of flesh be cut from his body.
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Antonio was confident that he would be able to pay off his debt in a short time. Without carefully thinking about it, Antonio signed the contract in front of the attorney.
Soon afterward, Bassanio received a letter from Antonio. It said that he had news that all his ships had been lost at the sea. Shylock was pressing him to pay off the debt. He must grant him the pound of flesh required in they contract for he was utterly unable to pay the debt that time.
After Bassanio left Belmont, Portia had a good idea for saving Antonio’s life. And they succeed at last.
What is Portia’s idea …… Let’s read the “The Court Trail”.
The court trial
Characters in the play:
Duke (The Duke of Venice)
Antonio: a Merchant of Venice
Bassanio: Antonio’s friend, suitor likewise to Portia
Shylock: a rich Jew
Portia: a rich heiress
Play:
Somebody: A messenger is coming with Dr. Bellario’s recommendation letter.
Duke: Lead the messenger in.
(Portia walk in, hand Bellario’s recommendation letter to the Duke)
(After reading the letter, the Duke agreed Portia would be the judge in this case)
Portia: Although this is an odd case, your accusation is tenable according the Venice’s law.
Portia (turn to Antonio): Do you agree that this contract is valid?
Antonio (honestly): Yes, I do.
Portia: Mercy is timely rainfall from heaven, moisturizes everybody. Since we all pray to the lord for his mercy, we ourselves should do good deeds.
(Shylock pays no attention)
Portia: If you insist, I will carry out the law.
Bassanio (rush to the Duck’s bench): Do not carry out the contract. I will repay the debt, no matter how many times multiplied, even with my life. Please! Cannot you change the law? So that this scoundrel will not succeed!
Portia (shook her head, earnestly): No! In Venice nobody is entitled to alter the law. Every person must guard the sanctity of the law.
Shylock (rise his voice): Oh, what an extremely intelligent lawyer are you!
9.
Portia (take the loan slip from Shylock’s hand, have a short look):
According to the law, this Jew has the right to request the pound of flesh be cut of the merchant’s chest. Antonio, prepare yourself to be stabbed with his knife into your chest. Shylock, a pound of flesh from merchant is yours now. The court had awarded it to you. The law has approved, you may have it.
(Shylock smiling, takes out his knife, and walk toward Antonio)
(At that moment)
Portia (wave her hand): I am not finished. The contract does not say you can have even on drop of his blood. And according to our law, your lands and property will go to the public if you shed one drop of his blood when you cut his flesh.
(Shylock dumbstruck)
Portia: You have demanded the contract be carried out precisely, and now it must be done, unless you execute the contract, you will get nothing.
(Shylock trying to sneak away)
Portia: Shylock, you will take the punishment according to the law. Be quick to ask the Duck for forgiveness.
(Shylock kneels on the ground to ask to duke to show mercy on him.) (Duke turn to Antonio)
Antonio: If Shylock leaves his property to his daughter after his death, then I will take nothing.
Students Activity
Makes up one group in 4 to 5 people with there self to play this part drama.
10.
Unit Four
Chinese Food
Preparation
Today we’ll talk about something about Chinese food. At first, we will talk about some kitchen utensil ( tools used in the kitchen).
Utensils-----Chinese and Western
Chinese kitchen utensils -----------------------------------Western kitchen utensil
Chopstick fork
Chopper /chopping block knife /board
Steamer oven
Wok frying pan/sauce pan
Earthenware cooking pot casserole
Reading Comprehension
Text
The heart of a Chinese kitchen
Culture
Always traditional Chinese culture has placed food in a position of top priority. The Chinese enjoy eating, and are always concerned with the quality of food and the way in which it is prepared. As a result, they have developed an exciting and versatile culinary style with many regional variations.
Before going into the classification of the various methods of cooking in China, you need to know how a typical Chinese kitchen works.
In a Chinese home, life revolves around the kitchen, with all the family often helping to prepare the food, from plucking chickens, rinsing rice, chopping meat, and crushing garlic and black beans to removing the shells from prawns. Every inch of kitchen space is fully utilized and the focal point of preparing Chinese food is that all-important utensil, the wok.
Wok
This utensil, which is as famous as the cuisine itself, is a curved like a shallow bowl to allow for a variety of cooking methods. Woks come in various sizes, and for simple home cooking, a wok measuring 35 centimeters in diameter should suffice.
Old-style, mild steel woks are best as they respond readily to changes of heat, and, being thinner, they also take less time to heat before cooking begins.
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The advantages of the wok over the saucepan or frying pan are numerous, as those who have compared the two will know. The smooth curve of the utensil facilitates the thorough mixing of ingredients so vital to quickfried and stir-fried dishes which are typical of Chinese cooking. Deep-frying too, is much more economical in a wok than in a saucepan, as less oil is needed to achieve the desired result.
Guessing meaning from context
has placed food in a position of top priority
——重视“吃” ——不重视“吃” ——把食物放在高处
culinary style
——“吃”的风俗 ——烹饪的风格
life revolves around the kitchen
——厨房是家庭生活的中心 ——厨房是家庭生活的镜子
——厨房盖在房子的中心
cuisine
——文化 ——民族 ——食品 ——烹饪
suffice
——不够 ——够了 ——太大 ——满意
facilitate
——make difficult ——make easy ——make possible
vital to
——无关重要的 ——事关重要的 ——致命的
Reading for specific information
1) Question: How many advantages does the wok have over the frying pan and saucepan? What are they?
2) This article refers frequently to the preparation of the food and uses many verbs describing different types of food preparation. Find the verb that can be applied to each of the following groups of ingredients.
A to _________ a chicken/ duck/ goose after killing it
B to __________and ________a fish after killing it
C to ___________vegetables /meat/ a loaf of bread into pieces
D to __________meat / vegetables/ parsley into mince
E to ________garlic / black beans to make a seasoning/ paste
F to ________ meat/ fish to make meat /fish balls
G to __________rice / vegetables ready for cooking
12.
Recipes
Recipes tells us how to prepare food. They usually have two parts:
1 a list of ingredients ---the thing that go into the dish;
2 a method ---how you prepare the dish.
Plain boiled rice ---reading & pairwork
1 add the following verbs in the appropriate spaces: cover put boil boil simmer bring
ingredients: 2 cups rice
2 cups water, lightly salted
method: 1 ____________two cups of salted water in saucepan.
2 ___________in two cups of rice.
3____________ to the boil again.
4___________rice quickly for two minutes.
5 _________the pan with a tight-fitting lid
6 _________the rice gently for about 20 minutes, until the water has been absorbed and the rice is cooked.
7 serves three.
Beancurd and spinach soup----ordering a recipe
Ingredients: 1 square (3 oz.) beancurd
1 cup spinach leaves
cups soup stock
1 teaspoon salt
gourmet powder to taste
Method: A. Bring soup stock to boil and drop in spinach and beancurd.
B. Serves four.
C. Wash spinach thoroughly, separate leaves and cut off stems before measuring.
D. Simmer two minutes.
E. Cut beancurd into 12 small slices about 1/4 inch thick.
F. Pour soup over seasoning and stir well.
G. Skim soup to make it clear.
Odering: 1. E 2 3 4 5 6 7
13.
Unit Five
Energy Resources
What is energy?
We need energy and we use it, but what is energy ?
When you open a book, you need energy. Read book, we need more energy. In fact, everything we do need energy. Everything that happens needs energy.
Different forms of energy
There are many different forms of energy: movement(kinetic) energy (动能), heat energy(热能), light energy(光能), chemical energy,(化学能), electrical energy(电能), gravitational potential energy(重力势能), nuclear energy(核能), etc…
Simple energy changes
Energy can be changed from one form to another form. Let’s give some examples to discuss it. For example: when we close the switch, the sun-light lights. In this procession the electrical energy changes to light energy. When we run, chemical energy stored in our body changes to movement energy. *(Students give some examples and do exercise.)
Sources of energy
Chemical fuel energy
Our biggest source of energy are used quickly is fossil fuel such as coal, petroleum and natural gas. There formed from the decayed remains of dead plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. (Students tell the story about how did coal, petroleum and natural gas form.). Deep in the earth, the high pressure and temperature slowly changed the remains into fossil fuels.
The main disadvantage with fossil is that they produce pollutants, in addition their supply is limited and they will eventually run out. It is important, therefore, we must increasing the utility of them and save them. Because of this, we must found new and clear energy resources.
Solar energy
Solar energy is the energy given off by the sun. This energy is produced by nuclear reaction that take place in the sun. During these reactions hydrogen nuclei combines to form helium nuclei releasing enormous amount of energy.
Sun gives off energy to earth, about 50 percent of them is absorbed by atmosphere and 50 percent of them reaches the earth’s surface as heat and light.
14.
All of life must need sun energy. Plants collect sun energy and store as chemical energy to make food by photosynthesis. If we eat plants or animal, we can get energy to learn, move or think…
*(Students do exercise about conversion of sun energy)
In the future, we will make more use of solar energy in different field Such as:
Solar panels
Solar panels consist of a metal plate panted black on the side that faces the sun. The solar energy is absorbed by the blackened plate which becomes heated. The heat produced is then removed by water. Flat-plate collectors are used in houses to heat water in solar water heaters and other heating systems.
Solar cells
It is made from thin slices of semi-conducting material. They can directly convert solar energy to electrical energy. Satellites in orbit obtain energy from such solar cells. Solar cells are also used in calculators, water, cars and planes…
Nuclear energy
Nuclear energy obtained through nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. This energy is a new resource -----clean and enormous.
Nuclear fission（核裂变）
The heavy nucleus（核子） of the U atom is split into two smaller nuclei by the bomb of neutrons（中子）.
Nuclear fusion（核聚变）
Two small and light nucleus such as hydrogen（氢）, combine to form heavy nuclei like helium（氦）.
Other new energy
Hydroelectric energy(水能): the number of places suitable for building hydroelectric power stations is limited, it can be used for as long as we get rain.
Geothermal energy（地热能）: which come from in the interior of the earth, produce lots of energy. For example: warm spring(温泉), volcano（火山）.
Wind energy, wave and tides energy（波浪和潮汐能） etc.
15.
Unit Six
The dialogues in movies
Preparation
To Hollywood , the 20th century is a surprising century .It has produced a great number of excellent movies .The movies have excited and inspired the world . Today , our topic is focus on the dialogues in movies .
Preview of vocabulary
phonograph----record player
boom---- sudden increase in trade activity
performer---- one who performers ,esp at a concert or other entertainment
plot---- plan or outline of the events of a story ,esp of a novel or drama
tutor---- private teacher
rooster---- male chicken
Steps of teaching
1,Do you like to go to movies?
2,Which movie do you like best?
3,who invented movies?
Thomas Edison .Back in the 1890s ,Thomas Edison invented phonograph and the moving pictures. He predicted that they would combine to provide high-class entertainment .
It was true ,soon after that ,the movie was booming .To Hollywood ,the 20th century is a surprising century .It has produced a great number of excellent movies .The movies have excited and inspired the world .
4,Which part do you think attract you most ?
film star performer director plot
music scene
5,Today,our topic is focus on the dialogues in movies .Let’s listen to three classical pieces and learn the usage of dialogues in movies .
a, Forrest Gump
Forrest is a boy born with low intelligence .From childhood to adulthood ,only two women are kind and friendly to him .One is his mother ,the other one is Jenny .
(after tape)What can you learn from it ?
The dialogues tell us Forrest’s mother has died . Forrest is very sad about it .Also we can learn that his mother is wise enough to teach her child to be active to his life .
(conclusion) Dialogues can tell us something about plot .
16.
b, The sound of music
In this film ,music and song always took place of dialogues .These two songs are sung by a happy tutor .
This movie was about kids ,about their tutor ,later the tutor became their step mother ,a very kind and clever mother .
(conclusion) Dialogues can tell us figure’s mood ,happy or sad or calm or excited.
C, Gone with the wind
Gone with the wind is a perfect triangle where Scalet thinks she loves one but she really loved the other.
It will make you enchanted with American civil war .
(conclusion) Dialogues can show us the complexity of character.
Dialogues can show us the acute dramatic plot between figures.
(practice it with your deskmate)
6, The Matrix
7,Chicken Run
A group of chickens are in Tweedy’s farm ,they worried about themselves very much ,because if they lay less eggs they would be cooked.
They dreamed go to a land of freedom ,but haven’t any key to escape.
(listen to scene one)Who is the leader? Ginger
Just then ,an American rooster Rocky falls from the sky .He is the hope for chickens .Later ,although they know Rocky can’t really fly ,he will be helpful to their plan.
17.
Unit Seven
A Brief Introduction of the UK Education System
Teaching procedures:
I. Lead-in: A exercise on some of the most famous festivals in UK. (Chart 1)
II. Presentation
l Introduction
In the last ten years, education in the UK has undergone many changes, which have had a great impact on teachers, students and parents alike. Schools in the UK have experienced a huge upheaval and there have also been innovations in the way that schools are funded. In addition, the period has witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of students entering colleges and universities in the UK.
Basically, education in the UK can be broken down into five phases: (Chart 2)
l Nursery Education
Nursery Education is being seen as more and more important for children, although as yet it is not compulsory for under-5s to receive any kind of pre-school education. Nursery schools are either paid for by the government, or privately owned. There are also pre-school playgrounds which are usually organized and run by parents.
l Primary Education
Most children go to an Infant Schools for two or more years and then to a Junior School for about four years; some primary schools combine these two phases.
Subjects within the National Curriculum:
Three main subjects—known as core subjects: English; Maths; Science
Seven foundation subjects: Technology; Art; History; Geography; Music; Physical Education; A Modern Foreign Language
All pupils are required to have Religious Education and Sex Education. Religious Education should include all major religions, but Christianity is the traditional religion of the country this is what should be emphasized. The parents have a right to remove their child from these classed. Additionally, every school must hold some kind of daily collective worship.
18.
l Secondary Education
Education is compulsory until the age of 16. At 16, most pupils take examinations called GCSEs (General Certificate of Secondary Education). 35% of pupils leave school after this examination, and 65% of them continue their studies with some kind of Further Education.
l Further Education
The government has been keen to reduce the number of young people leaving school at 16 with just a few qualifications and few prospects. Therefore, a number of vocation-based qualifications have been introduced to provide a more practical alternative for those not suited to a academic study. The options for pupils after taking GSCEs.
l Higher Education
This sector of education has expanded rapidly in the last decade. The most common way for a student to be accepted into university is by performing well at Further Education, typically by achieving good results in the A-Level examinations. The various universities have a wide range of standards for entry. Often, the student is required to attend an interview at the university of their choice, at which faculty staff assess both the student’s academic ability and his or her personal qualities.
III. Discussion: Differences between British schools and Chinese schools
19.
Unit Eight
Probability
Teaching Aim
To know what the probability is and how to calculate.
Preview of Vocabulary
outcome: ------- effect or result (of an event ,circumstances,etc)
even number: ------ numbers that can be devided by two with no remainders
odd number: ------ numbers that cannot be devided by two
formular: ------ expression of a rule or relationship in algebraic symbols
fraction: ------ precise division of a number
decimal: ------ expressed in tenths,hundredths,etc
percentage: ------ rate,number or amount in each hundred
identical: ------ similar in every detail
shuffle: ------ slide (playing cards) over one another to change their order
flip: ------ toss (sth) with a sharp movement of the thumb and forefinger so that it turns over in the air
at random: ------ be done, chosen, etc, without method or conscious choice; not on purpose
vice versa: ------ with the terms or conditions reserved
Teaching Course
I. Definition of probability
(i) event
An event is something that can happen.
(ii) probability
The probability of an event happening is a measure of how likely it will occur and can be calculate by using the FORMULA:
Probability =( number of ways the event can happen)
÷(number of possible outcomes)
(iii) representation
Probabilities can be written as fractions, decimals or percentages.
(iv) Question:
10 identical cards are numbered as below:
2 4 4 4 6 8 8 8 8 8
The cards are shuffled and one chosen at random.
Calculate the probability that the number on the card is
(a)2 (b) 8 (c) more than 2 (d) an even number (e) an odd number
20.
II. Probability of an event not happening .
(i) Probability of an event not happening = 1﹣Probability of the event happening.
(ii) Question:
The probability of rain on a day in June is 0.3. What is the probability of no rain on 21 June?
II. Total Probability
If we add up the probability of every possible outcomes , the answer is always 1.
IV. Adding Probabilities
(i) Question:
A bag contains 2 red, 3 green and 4 white counters. One counter is chosen from the bag at random. Calculate the probability that it is (a) red (b) green (c) red or green
(ii) Rule:
For any two events A and B, we have the general result:
P( A or B) = P( A) + P( B)
It looks as though the word “or” has been replaced by a “plus sign”
(iii) Note:
You can only use this rule if the two events cannot happen together. This is the case in the above example because it is impossible to choose a counter that is both red and green.
(iv) Question:
Here’s a question where the rule cannot be used.
One of these counters is chosen at random.
(v) Explain why the P( a square or an even number)
≠0.4+0.4
V. Multiplying Probabilities
(i) Question
An ordinary fair die has faces numbered 1,2,3,4,5 and 6. An ordinary fair coin has two sides,head(H) and tail(T).
(a) The die is thrown. Calculate the probability of obtaining a 3;
(b) The coin is flipped. Calculate the probability of obtaining a head(H).
(c) The die is thrown and the coin is flipped. Complete the list of possible outcomes below.
21.
(d) Use your list to calculate the probability of throwing a 3 and flipping a “H”.
(ii) Solution
(a) P(3) = 1/6
(b) P(H) = 1/2
(c) (1,H) (2,H) (3,H) (4,H) (5,H) (6,H)
(1,T) (2,T) (3,T) (4,T) (5,T) (6,T)
(d) There are 12 possible outcomes:
6 numbers × 2 sides = 12 combinations
So: there is only one way of throwing a 3 and flipping a head, named (3,H).
P( 3 and H) = 1/12
We can calculate this probability by multiplying P(3) and P(H) found in parts(a) and (b).
(i) Rule:
For any two events A and B,we have the general result :
P(A and B) = P(A) × P(B)
It looks as though the word “and” has been replaced by a multiplication sign.
(ii) Note:
You can only use this rule if the two events are independent of each other, i.e. the occurrence of one does not affect the occurrence of the other. In this example ,throwing a die obviously has no effect on flipping a coin, and vice-versa.
22.
Unit Nine
Star sign
Preparation
The stars are important for the ancients in their daily lives. The stars assisted the ancients in planning for the planting of their crops, guiding navigators, on their many adventures, and as a way of telling time. Much wonder and mystery associated with the stars and the people of ancient times began to place a grander, often divine, meaning on the majestic heavenly bodies.
Do you know how many star signs there are? What are they?
Aries
Mar.21-April.19
Aries the Ram can be best view in the night sky during the month of November.
Taurus
April.20-May.20
Taurus the Bull can be best view in the night sky during the month of December.
Gemini
May.21-June.21
Gemini the Twins can be best view in the night sky during the month of January.
Cancer
June.22-July.22
Cancer the Crab can be best view in the night sky during the month of February.
Leo
July 23-Aug.23
Leo the Lion can be best view in the night sky during the month of March.
Virgo
Aug.24-Sept.22
Virgo the Virgin can be best view in the night sky during the month of April.
Libra
Libra the Scales can be best view in the night sky during the month of May.
Scorpio
Scorpio the Scorpion can be best view in the night sky during the month of June.
23.
Sagittarius
Sagittarius the Archer can be best view in the night sky during the month of July.
Capricorn
Capricorn the sea coat can be best view in the night sky during the month of August.
Aquarius
Aquarius the Water Bearer can be best view in the night sky during the month of September.
Pisces
Pisces the Fishes can be best view in the night sky during the month of October.
Mythology Taurus:
The story went that Zeus fell in love with Europa, the daughter of Agenor who was King of Phoenica. On one day while she was playing by the waters edge, she caught sight of a majestic white bull grazing amongst her fathers heard. When she approached the bull, it knelt down and let get on it's back. Once she was on, it sprang to it's feet and took off to the sea in Crete where Zeus made her his mistress.
Mythology Pisces:
Pisces, the Fishes, is a very old constellation. In Greek and Roman mythology, this constellation represents the goddess Venus and her son Cupid, who transformed themselves into a pair of fish and jumped into the Nile River to escape from the monster Typhon.
Mythology Cancer:
As Hercules struggled to defeat the hideous nine-headed Hydra, Queen Hera, his immortal enemy, ordered Cancer, The Crab to go and harass The Hero. The Crab snapped at Hercules' ankles as he bravely fought with Hydra. Unbothered by Cancers' efforts, The Hero easily crushed the crab to pieces under the heel of his foot and went on to successfully destroy the monstrous snake. In gratitude for The Crab's courageous attempt to fulfill her angry wrath, Hera gifted Cancer with a place among the stars as a constellation.
24.
The star sign’s character
Aries
LIKES
Action
Coming in first
Challenges
Championing Causes
Spontaneity
DISLIKES
Waiting Around
Admitting Failure
No opposition
Tyranny
Other peoples advice
Taurus
LIKES
Stability
Being Attracted
Things Natural
Time to Ponder
Comfort and Pleasure
DISLIKES
Disruption
Being pushed too hard
Synthetic or "man made" things
Being rushed
Being indoors
Gemini
LIKES
Talking
Novelty and the unusual
Variety in life
Multiple projects all going at once
Reading
25.
DISLIKES
Feeling tied down
Learning, such as school
Being in a rut
Mental inaction
Being alone
Cancer
LIKES
Hobbies
Romance
Children
Home and Country
Parties
DISLIKES
Aggravating situations
Failure
Opposition
Being told what to do ;)
Advice (good or bad)
Leo
LIKES
Speculative ventures
Lavish Living
Pageantry and Grandeur
Children
Drama
DISLIKES
Doing things safely
Ordinary ,Day to day living
Small minded people
Penny pinching
Mean spiritedness
26.
Virgo
LIKES
Health foods
Lists
Hygiene
Order
Wholesomeness
DISLIKES
Hazards to health
Anything sordid
Sloppy workers
Squalor
Being uncertain
Libra
LIKES
The finer things in life
Sharing
conviviality
Gentleness
DISLIKES
Violence
Injustice
Brutishness
Being a slave to fashion
Scorpio
LIKES
Truth
Hidden Causes
Being involved
Work That is Meaningful
Being Persuasive
DISLIKES
Being Given Only Surface data
Taken Advantage of
Demeaning Jobs
Shallow Relationships
Flattery and Flattering
27.
Sagittarius
LIKES
Traveling
getting to the heart of the matter
Freedom
Laws and meanings
the general 'feel' of things
DISLIKES
Off the wall theories
being tied down domestically
Being constrained
cooling your heels
bothered with details
Capricorn
LIKES
Reliability
Professionalism
Knowing what you discuss
Firm Foundations
Purpose
DISLIKES
Wild Schemes
Fantasies
Go-nowhere jobs
Ignominy
Ridicule
Aquarius
LIKES
Fighting for Causes
Dreaming and Planning for the Future
Thinking of the Past
Good Companions
Having Fun
28.
DISLIKES
Full of Air Promises
Excessive Loneliness
The Ordinary
Imitations
Idealistic
Pisces
LIKES
Solitude to dream in
Mystery in all its guises
Anything discarded to stay discarded
The ridiculous
Like to get 'lost'
DISLIKES
The obvious
Being criticized
Feeling all at sea about something
Know-it-alls
Pedantry
29.
Unit Ten
Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day
Preparation
The Renaissance Period saw the decline of feudalism and the rise of the bourgeoisie. Renaissance derives from Italian. The word originally means the rebirth of the classical Greek and Latin literature. It was believed that this period began in the latter of the 14th century and continued throughout the 17th century. Italy is accepted as the starting place of this period. The highest glory of this period was unquestionably its drama. The three representatives in this field are: Marlowe; Shakespeare; Ben Johnson.
Brief introduction of William Shakespeare
1) Life
Shakespeare was born in Stratford-on-Avon in Warwickshire on Apr.23,1564 and died on Apr.23,1616
2) Education
In the year of 1571, at the age of 7, he was sent to the local grammar school which he attended for 6 years. In the year of 1577, he was taken away from school by his father and for some time, he helped his father in trading. Then he became a country teacher.
3) Marriage
In 1582, he got married to Anne Hathaway, a daughter of a farmer and 8 years older than him. In 1583, his eldest daughter Susannah was born. And two years later, the twin Hamnet and Judith were born. Hamnet died at the age of 12.
4) Career
Shakespeare probably arrived in London in 1585 or 1586. A tradition relates that his first employment was holding horses for gentlemen outside the theatres. Then he became an actor of some unimportant theatres, playing minor parts. By the end of 1580s, he was known to have been an actor, a playwright in London.
5) Achievements
As a poet, Shakespeare wrote two non-dramatic and narrative poems and 154 sonnets;
As a playwright, he wrote 37 plays, including his famous four tragedies: “Hamlet”, “King Lear”, “Othello” and “Macbeth”.
30.
The sonnet: Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day
Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day (ⅩⅧ)
William Shakespeare
Shall I compare thee1 to a summer’s day?
Thou art2 more lovely and more temperate.
Rough winds do shake the darling buds3 of May,
And summer’s lease hath4 all too short a date:
Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven5 shines,
And often is his gold complexion dimmed6;
And every fair from fair7 sometime declines,
By chance, or nature’s changing course8, untrimmed:
But thy9 eternal summer shall not fade,
Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest10;
Nor shall Death brag thou wanderest10 in his shade11
When in eternal lines to time thou growest10.
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
So long lives this12, and this gives life to thee.
Notes to the soonet:
1. thee: ------ old English, means you
2. thou art: ------old English, means you are
3. bud: ------ a young tightly rolled-up flower ( or leaf ) before it opens
4. hath: ------old English, means has
5. the eye of heaven: ------- refers to the sun here
6. complexion: ------ the natural color and appearance of the skin, esp. of the face;
7. dim: ------ to (cause to) become unclear or dark
8. fair: ------ in this line, the first fair means a beautiful figure; and the second fair means beauty.
9. this line means: ------ either by fortune or by normal course of change in the natural world
10. thy:------ old English, means your
11. owest; wanderest; growest: ------ old English, means own; wander; grow
12. this line means: ------ Nor shall Death boast that you roam about in his darkness
13. this: ------ here this refers to this poem
31.
Chinese Version for reference
能否把你比作夏日璀璨 （ 第十八首 ）
能否把你比作夏日璀璨？
你却比炎夏更可爱温存；
狂风摧残五月花蕊娇妍，
夏天匆匆离去毫不停顿。
苍天明眸有时过于灼热，
金色脸容往往蒙上阴翳；
一切优美形象不免褪色，
偶然摧折或自然地老去。
而你如仲夏繁茂不凋谢，
秀雅风姿将永远翩翩；
死神无法逼你气息奄奄，
你将永生于不朽诗篇。
只要人能呼吸眼不盲，
这诗和你将千秋流芳。
孙梁译
32.
Unit Eleven
HACKING
Preparation：
A、 Have you ever used the Internet?
B、 What do you often do on the Internet?
(1) Send and receive E-mail
(2) Search the Net for information
(3) Do shopping
(4) Download music and software
(5) Chat and so on
So I think most of you have ever used the Internet, but have you ever met with hackers’attacking?
Preview of Vocabulary And Sentences
Firstly, let us learn some new words about hacking. And there are some words about hacking and computer, such as follows:
